[Purpose/significance] Healthy China is inseparable from healthy aging. It is of great significance to study the health level of middle-aged and elderly people in China. It not only provides the basis for clinical treatment, health service supply and health service planning, but also promotes the interdisciplinary research of sociology, pension ser? vice and health informatics. [Method/process] Based on the 2018 survey data of the China Health and Elderly Care Sur? vey (CHARLS), this article uses exploratory factor analysis to measure the health of middle-aged and elderly residents from four aspects: subjective health, number of chronic diseases, mental health and self-care ability, and further Use multi-index and multi-factor models to study the factors that affect the health of middle-aged and elderly residents. [Result/conclusion]The study found that: (1) The health levels of residents in various provinces across the country showed a clear step-wise geographical distribution. (2) The health status of young, male and married middle-aged and elderly residents is often better, and education and participation in social activities have a positive impact on residents' health. Resident registration status has no significant impact on health, and the health of residents living in rural areas is often lower than that of urban residents. (3) The health status of middle-aged and elderly residents participating in pen? sion insurance for enterprises and institutions and urban employee medical insurance is often better. There are signifi? cant differences between the urban and rural middle-aged and old people in pension insurance income, medical securi? ty level and community old-age service. These differences make the health problems of the rural elderly more prominent.