[Purpose/significance] Explaining structure and evolution of science data policy can promote the construc⁃ tion of science data management system and improve the level of open sharing of science data. [Method/process]This paper constructs a three-dimensional analysis framework based on policy citations, policy subjects and policy themes, and uses the literature research method and social network analysis method to explore the structure and evolution of central level science data policies from 2001 to 2022. [Result/conclusion] It is found that the policy evolution can be divided into four stages: the initial stage, the development stage, the transitional stage, and the innovative stage; at the policy networks of the four stages, the structural features of policy citations, subjects and themes are different. The sus⁃ tainable development of policies benefits from legal protection and top-level planning, the division and collaboration government departments, and the coordination of science data sharing platform and system. To create open and shared science data ecology, the governments should formulate science data strategic plan, build a national integrated science data sharing platform, and accelerate the construction of data security system.