[目的/意义]健康中国离不开健康老龄化，研究我国中老年人的健康水平具有重要意义，不仅为临床治 疗、卫生服务供给和卫生服务规划提供依据标准，还推动社会学与养老服务、健康信息学等交叉研究。 [方法/过 程]文章基于中国健康与养老追踪调查（CHARLS）2018年调查数据，使用探索性因子分析从主观健康、慢性病患 病数、心理健康和自理能力四个方面对中老年居民健康进行测量，并进一步使用多指标多因素模型研究影响中老 年居民健康的因素。[结果/结论]研究发现：（1）全国各省居民的健康水平呈现明显的阶梯型地域分布特征。（2）低 龄、男性、已婚的中老年居民健康状况往往更优，学历、社会活动参与对居民健康产生正向影响。居民户籍身份对 健康并没有显著影响，而居住地为农村的居民健康水平往往比城市居民更低。（3）参加企事业单位养老保险和城 镇职工医疗保险的中老年居民健康状况通常更优。城乡中老年人在养老保险收入、医疗保障水平和社区养老服 务方面存在显著差异。

[Purpose/significance] Healthy China is inseparable from healthy aging. It is of great significance to study the health level of middle-aged and elderly people in China. It not only provides the basis for clinical treatment, health service supply and health service planning, but also promotes the interdisciplinary research of sociology, pension ser? vice and health informatics. [Method/process] Based on the 2018 survey data of the China Health and Elderly Care Sur? vey (CHARLS), this article uses exploratory factor analysis to measure the health of middle-aged and elderly residents from four aspects: subjective health, number of chronic diseases, mental health and self-care ability, and further Use multi-index and multi-factor models to study the factors that affect the health of middle-aged and elderly residents. [Result/conclusion]The study found that: (1) The health levels of residents in various provinces across the country showed a clear step-wise geographical distribution. (2) The health status of young, male and married middle-aged and elderly residents is often better, and education and participation in social activities have a positive impact on residents' health. Resident registration status has no significant impact on health, and the health of residents living in rural areas is often lower than that of urban residents. (3) The health status of middle-aged and elderly residents participating in pen? sion insurance for enterprises and institutions and urban employee medical insurance is often better. There are signifi? cant differences between the urban and rural middle-aged and old people in pension insurance income, medical securi? ty level and community old-age service. These differences make the health problems of the rural elderly more prominent.